Let’s examine , where (integers).
We define the exponent to be a short hand notation for repeated multiplication.
A summary of the laws can be found here.
The Product Law
We know that . Let’s write that in another way:
or
Notice that and that .
Let’s take a second example: suppose we have .
In full:
.
This leads us to the exponent law:
To generalise further:
The Quotient Law
Remember that a fraction is a way to write division. For example:
We also know that if a fraction has a common factor on numerator and denominator, it can be simplified. For example:
Usually, we don’t write out all of those steps. You might be more familiar with ‘scoring out’ or ‘cancelling’. Showing the steps without scoring out shows why scoring out works mathematically.
Let’s see how simplifying fractions helps with exponents. This time, let’s use ‘scoring out’.
Or, in other words, we see a common factor of on the numerator and the denominator. How many 7’s did we ‘score out’? We started with 5, we scored out 3, and we were left with 2. This leads us to the law for the quotient of two powers with the same base:
or, more generally,
Negative Exponents
The quotient law leads us to negative indices. Suppose we have .
In summary,
Or, in general
When we say we mean, . When we say we mean one divided by three times over, that is:
which is really awkward notation and is not often used. Better to say:
On the applet below, move the slider to the right to multiply by , move to the left to divide by . Let the ‘initial value’ be . A positive exponent returns the number of times we multiply by . A negative exponent returns the number of times we divide by . The exponent means that we have neither multiplied nor divided the number by .
Exponent Zero
Now suppose we have . Well, we already know that anything divided by itself is just 1.
Let’s see what happens when we apply the quotient law:
In general, (with the curious exception of a=0, but only sometimes…).
The Power Law
The power law tells us what do when we have a power of a power:
In general,
.
Distribution over a Product or Quotient
Now suppose we have the number , we know the answer is 100. Let’s write the number 10 as a product and then square it:
In other words,
This example illustrates that, in general:
Similarly, with division:
In general,
Take Care though – an exponent does not distribute over addition/subtraction!
Example:
The common mistake would be to say that is equal to but lets figure that out: which is not 49, so that is simply wrong.
Summary
Click to open the summary!
Practice
Non-Integer Exponents
The explanations on this page assume that the exponents are integers, however we can establish meaning to rational and irrational exponents.
What might the value of be? What meaning does it have?
Using the product law, what is the value of ?
What about ? Does it have any meaning?
See if your calculator can make sense of and .
By establishing meaning to all real exponents, we are able to define an exponential function such as . This kind of function can be used to model all kinds of exponential growth (or decay) – from population growth (Biology) to compound interest (Finance).
The function is shown below. Click on the red point to see points plotted at integer values of . Move the red point to the value to see that . Click on the green point to see increase by . Move the green point to the value we see that the value given to .