Point By Point
We can draw the graph of a parabola by taking all the integer values of shown on the axis, calculate the corresponding value for each, plot each point in turn and join them with a smooth curve.
This method is not very efficient.
Using Special Points
Another way is to calculate the special points of the parabola and plot only those.
The special points are:
- -intercept
- vertex
- -intercepts (if there are any)
- symmetry of the -intercept
The special points can be calculated quite easily from the quadratic expression given in factored form or in completed square form.
Special Points from Factored Form
Example
The intercept occurs when the coordinate is zero. Therefore when :
The -intercept is the point .
The -intercepts occur when the coordinate is zero. To locate them, we need to solve the equation
When any two numbers multiply to give zero, one or the other or both of the numbers must be zero. Therefore, if
The -intercepts occur at the points and .
Vertex: The coordinate of the vertex is right in the middle of the intercepts. To find the middle of and , we can do a variety of calculations. One way is to add them together and divide by 2 (find the average of the two numbers).
Now to find the coordinate of the vertex, we simply substitute the coordinate into the equation for . When :
The coordinates of the vertex are .
Let’s plot the points :
The last point to plot is the symmetry of the intercept. If you imagine a mirror line through the vertex, and reflect the intercept over that to plot a fifth point.
We are now ready to draw a smooth curve through the plotted points, making sure to round off the vertex and not make it too pointy.
Special Points from Completed Square form:
We calculate the same special points, however our calculations look slightly different as our equation is presented differently.
Let’s graph the parabola .
The -intercept: The point on the parabola that lies on the -axis has . We substitute into the equation:
The -intercept has coordinates
The -intercepts: We substitute and solve directly, remembering that when we take a square root we must remember to consider both the positive and the negative square root. For example, if we know that we know that both and are solutions.
Now we take the square root and consider both negative and positive:
Note that the exact value of these roots can be simplified:
The -intercepts have coordinates and .
The vertex: The lowest point on the parabola has the lowest value. The lowest square number is zero. Since , we require ‘something’ to be equal to zero.
In our case, . Solve . The vertex has the coordinate .
To calculate the coordinate, as for any coordinate, we substitute the coordinate into the equation:
The coordinates of the vertex are .
Let’s plot the points , , and on the axes:
…and draw the parabola:
Graph from standard form
To graph directly from the standard form, we need to employ processes that occur later in this unit. In summary:
To calculate the intercept, again we set and find that . Therefore the intercept has coordinates .
To calculate the intercepts, we need to use one of the following processes:
To calculate the coordinate of the vertex, we need to use one of these processes:
- use once the intercepts are known;
- use the formula ;
- write the expression in completed square form
We then substitute the coordinate into the equation to find the coordinate of the vertex.
These processes are discussed in the rest of the unit.
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